Factors that Inform Reward Decisions

Variables that Inform Reward Decisions Survey the setting of the prize condition and the key points of view that educate reward choices. In this area, you should: Utilize a fitting investigation apparatus to distinguish the interior and outside variables. Break down the effect of business drivers and related factors on remuneration choices. Give instances of various methods of social occasion and introducing reward knowledge. An Introduction to the Company of B W Plant Hire and Sales Ltd B W Plant Hire and Sales Ltd was established in 1994 by Bill Whitwell; Bill has more than 40 years involvement with the plant enlist industry. His child Will, who is likewise from a plant employ foundation, went along with him in the business in 1998. The organization has developed consistently from that point forward by providing customers with an assistance they accept can't be beaten. B W highly esteem being promptly accessible for exhortation and help when issues emerge nearby. Bill and Will currently have set up a supervisory crew and workforce that reflects their qualities, yet at the same time lead from the cutting edge. B W are a plant employ organization which recruits plant (Excavators, Dumpers, Rollers, digging) B W have 4 stations the nation over Blackburn is head office where everything began, in 2004 B W began Bingley Depot now Keighley Depot, in 2006 B W began Southampton Depot, at that point in 2012 they purchased Northwich Depot B W have been exchanging more than 20 years in which time the organization has developed and cut back as a result of the downturn in 2008 now they are developing once more. From an individual point I, have been with the organization since Jan 2002 when there were on 6 representatives they presently have 73 workers and 30 subcontractors. Turnover is developing year on year. The reason and objectives of the Company is to make Profit and gotten one of the biggest exclusive (Ltd) plant enlist organizations in the Northwest of England. The Company offers the administration of Plant recruit self-drive and worked plant alongside deals of plant. The Company's principle clients are Civil Engineers, house developers, committees and general manufacturers. Outside and Internal Environmental AnalysisThis ecological investigation will give a total outer natural picture intended to furnish B W with the instruments expected to distinguish the Company's quality and shortcomings. This is including an appraisal of the organization assets. This examination will survey the organization's serious position and conceivable outcomes of development. A clarification of how the outer condition influences B W structure and friends execution. A PESTLE examination is a structure used to screen the outer promoting condition of which gives a diagram of the primary outside variables as of now affecting the Company PESTLE see reference sections 1 Auto enrolment the organization 's arranging date was first January 2016. It is an obligatory prerequisite of all organizations to naturally select workers who are qualified by 2018 This is a sparing plan for when representative's resign and has charge alleviation. Businesses should either have one of their own (partner annuity) or an administration back one or have a pro benefits supplier. We have a legislature upheld benefits conspire called The Pension People (Thepensionsregulator.gov.uk. (2016). Partner annuities |) This became law in October 2012 by 2018 every single utilized individuals ought to be in a work environment annuity. This came to fruition as individuals are living longer than the 3 score years and ten (70). the retirement age will go up between December 2018 and October 2020, the retirement age for the two people will ascend to 66. From 2018 to 2020 the state benefits age for the two people will begin ascending to 67. The administrations pot of National protection has been drained so when the more youthful age come to resign there will be no monies left in the pot (Social). The administration chose to drive individuals into putting something aside for retirement by making it law for organizations to mandatory join an auto enrolment plot where by representative's put 1% of their yearly winning with charge help and the organization pays 1% in the long run becoming excessively least of 5% (political social and lawful). The impact on the organization and effect on remuneration methodology is Bonuses and pay rises have been affected by the organization, by not expanding compensation the 1% the organization must compensation into the benefits plot is a compensation ascend to the representative. This thusly likewise impacts organization development as the business must discover this from some place for example benefits (Economic) it is additionally observed by most organizations as another duty however valuable to the representative. Kiddie vouchers (Social and monetary) We as an organization have a youthful workforce at present, to help keep them we have presented kiddie vouchers. This is an advantage that lets guardians make significant reserve funds against the expense of their childcare. This works by Parents can get up to  £55pw or  £243pm of childcare vouchers from their manager, liberated from expense and National Insurance. Contrasted with accepting profit as pay or profits, utilizing childcare vouchers can spare guardians several pounds every year. Trading available compensation for tax-exempt childcare vouchers ordinarily spares fundamental rate citizens up to  £933 per year. Simultaneously, this straightforward trade spares managers up to  £402 every year per conspire part in business National Insurance commitments. The effect on the organization and the technique the organization has lower PAYE to pay to the HMRC this likewise helps the representative as they are not burdened so a lot. The expense of setting up this is 2% so the organization and the worker win. The representative considers this to be an additional prize ideally it will assist with staying with them utilized with the. The business SWOT see addendums 2 Statement of purpose this connections in with how the organization is driven and reward Statement of purpose The point of B W is to offer a support which goes past the desires for their clients through the extraordinary assistance of the staff likewise who are exceptionally prepared, propelled, prepared and capable. B W bolster their clients with whatever the application, with showcase driving items and information. The far reaching armada of present day apparatus they give is consistent cutting-edge enactment and guidelines. Vision B W are focused on persistently improving and plan to give their clients a dependable assistance. B W's point is to consistently fulfill the request and become the clients just recruit/deals provider of value Qualities The work practices and strategies are embraced and overseen securely and cost viably. B W are looking to be an incredible manager, specialist organization, and client. The chiefs perceive that B W's staff are one of the most significant advantages for the organization. To that end the organization attempts to remunerate staff who perform well and end up being a decent advert for the organization. B W anticipate the best thus should B W's clients and customers. The estimations of the organization show the preparation and advancement for all representatives, the workers are the most significant resource for the organization, this can be an inspiration to the representatives (the organization is just on a par with its staff) The prizes are a reward paid half yearly to the senior supervisory group this is on the off chance that the net benefit is over 10% of turnover, at that point 1% of the net benefit is isolated by 5 (a considerable measure of cash). B W pay over the national the lowest pay permitted by law. The representatives depend on understanding and the worth they bring to the organization if the organization utilize a fitter the normal compensation is  £12.00 every hour, B W start them on  £10.00 with 3 months probation after which time their compensation will build (they have to demonstrate their value) this is the equivalent for HGV drivers however an alternate rate. The organization likewise have a terminal in Southampton the workers in the south are paid 2% more than in the north as the way of life is more in the south. The driver of the business is development while B W are offering for worked plant they likewise need talented plant drivers that hold a CSCS card (Construction Skills Certification Scheme) (lawful commitment) this gives verification that the card holder has had preparing and is able to complete the work planned. this might be an enormous expense to the organization CSCS card holders must finish preparing like clockwork. This is a compensation to the representative the card has a place with the worker and can take it with them in the event that they leave. The interest for plant is high now - the organization are contributing vigorously the most recent new unit/plant to advance development. B W will procced thusly until there is a downturn in the economy. There is a solid rivalry around now. B W offer clients the most recent unit/plant alongside serious expenses and great client support, so they can design their work. Speculations for remuneration the board see informative supplements 3 Monetary hypothesis, this considers wage rates that are controlled by the gracefully of work and the interest of this work from businesses, if there is a brevity of work, there is an expansion in compensation for that area A deficiency of abilities is a wellspring of irritation to organizations and, when intense, it is probably going to ruin the quality and amount of their yield. Organizations can be familiar with being restricted by their ability to discover purchasers for their items, not by their ability to deliver items. At the point when organizations have, purchasers pausing, yet can't create enough to fulfill the interest since they can't select adequate gifted specialists, they decipher this as a disappointment of the abilities advancement framework. Ability deficiencies, the reason can be a general under-interest in aptitudes improvement; fast auxiliary changes to be joined with low degrees of by and large joblessness; a repetitive flood in work in a piece of the economy; and spots of shortcoming in the preparation framework. Managers could find that they can't draw in the laborers they need in light of the fact that the compensation and working conditions on offer are ugly. The flexibly of laborers with an ability is hard to quantify for a few of the accompanying reasons. What is significant isn't only the num

You have chosen to return to college to finish your degree. Describe Essay

You have decided to come back to school to complete your degree. Portray reasons why you settled on this choice and convince a companion to do likewise - Essay Example In the primary decade of the 21st century the United States lost 5.8 million assembling positions (Americanmanufacturing, 2011). The occupations accessible in the US commercial center have moved into the information and administration economy. So as to contend in the new position commercial center it is basic to acquire proper instruction at a certify school or college. Without an advanced education the main occupations that are accessible are the lowest pay permitted by law occupations and even those are getting scarcer and organizations are weakening those employments by offering low maintenance rather than all day work. The joblessness rate in the United States has gone up during the most recent couple of years. The joblessness in the United States in July 2011 was 9.1% (Bls, 2011). Because of the way that more individuals are jobless the degree of rivalry was gone up and individuals that have better qualifications are landing the positions in the commercial center. The most significant instructive qualification managers look for in newcomers is an advanced degree. I have understood that the main path for me to find a decent line of work is to return to class to win a degree. An advanced degree expands a person’s opportunities to find a new line of work and the activity acquired will have higher wages. An individual with a bachelor’s certificate will win an extra $0.9 million over their lifetime in contrast with a secondary school graduate; while individuals with a master’s qualification will procure $1.3 in excess of a secondary school recognition and $0.4 million more than a b achelor’s certificate (Longley, 2011). The past limitations that occasionally hurt the capacity of grown-ups to get an advanced degree do not have any significant bearing anymore. For example a working grown-up once in a while had the reason that he was unable to return to school in view of business commitments. Time used to be a variable that hurt a great deal of working grown-ups. Because of advances in innovation there are arrangements accessible for working grown-ups. Online colleges, for example, the

A love letter to psets

A love letter to psets [context for the non-MIT folks out there: a pset, or problem set, is MITs version of homework. And by MITs version, I mean that while a typical pset might only contain 5 problems, every one of those problems is incredibly difficult. And by incredibly difficult, I mean incredibly difficult by MIT standards] Dear psets, In the past week, youve tried your best to crush my soul. Youve made eight hours of sleep an alien concept. Youve twisted my mind in ways I didnt know it could twist before. At times, youve driven me up the wall, literally. And I couldnt be more grateful. Because in high school, homework was boring. It was something I started at 11pm the night before it was due, and finished at midnight. It was rote memorization, repetitive busywork. I learned Equation A, plugged in values, and spat out an answer. But not you. With you, a 15-word-long question might turn out to be an hour-long mindbender. An innocent negative sign might take 10 minutes to figure out. I might be using the same equations and formulas that I learned in high school, but by making me apply them in so many different ways to actually think about problems you force me to have a much deeper understanding of the material. Yes, you can be soul-crushing. But you can also be intensely rewarding.  Theres nothing quite like that intellectual high I get when Ive been working 5 hours on a pset and finally understand how a certain equation can be manipulated and combined with another equation in such a way that the entire problem suddenly makes sense.  And in those moments, I think Im finally starting to get a little idea of what being a scientist feels like.  You can be rewarding in other ways, too; Ive met some of my closest friends here so far through pset parties. So when my friends at other colleges tell me how easy their homework is how it really isnt that much different from high school I dont get jealous. (okay, maybe I get a little jealous when its 2 in the morning and my pset is due the next day, but whatever). Because I dont want college to be just a natural extension of high school. I want to find my limits, test them, and smash through them. Call me a masochist, but I wouldnt have it any other way. Love, Michael. p.s. I think even my iPhone is getting used to our new relationship. At first, it corrected psets to pests. Then it corrected psetting to partying. I suppose you are a full-time relationship, which is why MIT gives us a ring. p.p.s. to all the upperclassmen out there: dont worry, Ive got plenty of time to get jaded about this place. Let me frolic in the joys of psetting while I can, eh? p^3.s. dont worry, despite the psetting Im still taking full advantage of pass/no record. YOPNRO

Maths Answers Class 10 Ncert - 5161 Words

ANSWERS/HINTS 345 APPENDIX 1 ANSWERS/ HINTS EXERCISE 1.1 1. (i) 45 3. 8 columns 4. An integer can be of the form 3q, 3q + 1 or 3q + 2. Square all of these integers. 5. An integer can be of the form 9q, 9q + 1, 9q + 2, 9q + 3, . . ., or 9q + 8. (ii) 196 (iii) 51 2. An integer can be of the form 6q, 6q + 1, 6q + 2, 6q + 3, 6q + 4 or 6q + 5. EXERCISE 1.2 1. 2. 3. (i) 2 Ãâ€" 5 Ãâ€" 7 (iv) 5 Ãâ€" 7 Ãâ€" 11 Ãâ€" 13 (i) LCM = 182; HCF = 13 (i) LCM = 420; HCF = 3 2 (ii) 22 Ãâ€" 3 Ãâ€" 13 (v) 17 Ãâ€" 19 Ãâ€" 23 (ii) LCM = 23460; HCF = 2 (ii) LCM = 1139; HCF = 1 7. 36 minutes (iii) 32 Ãâ€" 52 Ãâ€" 17 (iii) LCM = 3024; HCF = 6 (iii) LCM = 1800; HCF = 1 4. 22338 EXERCISE 1.4 1. (i) Terminating (iii) Non-terminating repeating (v) Non-terminating repeating (vii) Non-terminating†¦show more content†¦(ii) x – y = 18, x + y = 180, where x and y are the measures of the two angles in degrees; x = 99, y = 81. (iii) 7x + 6y = 3800, 3x + 5y = 1750, where x and y are the costs (in Rs) of one bat and one ball respectively; x = 500, y = 50. (iv) x + 10y = 105, x + 15y = 155, where x is the fixed charge (in Rs) and y is the charge (in Rs per km); x =5, y = 10; Rs 255. (v) 11x – 9y + 4 = 0, 6x – 5y + 3 = 0, where x and y are numerator and denominator of the fraction; 7 ( x = 7, y = 9). 9 (ii) s = 9, t = 6 (v) x = 0, y = 0 (iii) y = 3x – 3, (vi) x = 2, y = 3 where x can take any value, i.e., infinitely many solutions. (vi) x – 3y – 10 = 0, x – 7y + 30 = 0, where x and y are the ages in years of Jacob and his son; x = 40, y = 10. EXERCISE 3.4 1. (i) x = 19 6 , y= 5 5 (ii) x = 2, y = 1 (iii) x = 9 5 ,y= − 13 13 (iv) x = 2, y = –3 2. (i) x – y + 2 = 0, 2x – y – 1 = 0, where x and y are the numerator and denominator of the fraction; 3 â‹… 5 (ii) x – 3y + 10 = 0, x – 2y – 10 = 0, where x and y are the ages (in years) of Nuri and Sonu respectively. Age of Nuri (x) = 50, Age of Sonu (y) = 20. (iii) x + y = 9, 8x – y = 0, where x and y are respectively the tens and units digits of the number; 18. (iv) x + 2y = 40, x + y = 25, where x and y are respectively the number of Rs 50 and Rs 100 notes; x = 10, y = 15. (v) x + 4y = 27, x + 2y = 21, where x is the fixed charge (in Rs) and y is the additional charge (in Rs) per day; xShow MoreRelatedPositive Association Between Mean Ses Intake Composition And School Mean Performance1615 Words   |  7 Pagesfive districts of state. A maximum of 25 students and five teachers per school were selected, using systemic selection with a random start. The largest sample was subjected to standardized tests in language and mathematics. These tests were based on class IV curriculum. Background information on pupils, teachers and schools was collected through personal interview using pre-test instruments by the investigator. Preliminary analysis was-conducted using Ordinary Least Squares to important predictor variables

Mark Twain s Clemens Notebook 1904 - 1341 Words

As Samuel L. Clemens, otherwise known as Mark Twain once said, â€Å"Whenever you find yourself on the side of the majority, it is time to pause and reflect.† This was said in Clemens’ Notebook 1904. For generations, many people have lived by this quote. Some whether notorious or any ordinary people. Being politics in the government, or people using their knowledge for their everyday lives. Everyone must make their own individual decisions in any situation. The majority cannot be one person, one person has their own ideas and emotions. Agreeing with everyone else without personal views is basically writing the same thing over and over again. Nothing will be resolved, ever. Our opinions, thoughts, and ideas make us who we are, and it is who we are that makes people different from their societies.. Its views, everything. Lucille Ball chose to be different from other women in the United States, she was an actress, a very notorious and successful one at that. Ball was slow and steady, but eventually became a success. As told in Top 101 Remarkable Women, edited by Jeanne Nagle, Lucille Ball was unsuccessful at first, but she eventually became more and more popular. To the point she and her husband formed Desilu Productions, launching comedies and specials, such as, I Love Lucy and The Lucille Ball-Desi Arnaz Show. (Nagle 8) She may have struggled, but in the end, Ball was heard. She was a legend because of it. More and more, her voice was heard, she became a powerful

Biography on Julius Caesar Free Essays

Julius Caesar was the means to the evolution of the Roman Republic into an empire. This transition extended its significance to more than 60 million citizens through the outcome of the empire, some of which is virtual peace and prosperity. Arriving at this conclusion, we must now ask, was this transition all because of Caesar? It seems to appear that Caesar had intentionally planned to initiate a dominion as the key to all the troubles in the world. We will write a custom essay sample on Biography on Julius Caesar or any similar topic only for you Order Now The events that took place, namely the invasion of Gaul, the combat opposing Pompey, and the dictatorship of Caesar, moved so fast and certain. This viewpoint was equally shared by a few historians; the most expressive of them was the German scholar Theodor Mommsen (1817-1903). He articulated this viewpoint in his Romische Geschichte. For Mommsen, Caesar had cleared all crooked aristocracy and formed an empire that functioned for all of its citizens. Dominion and equality were evenhanded in its foundation. This was a thing that Mommsen would have greatly loved in his own homeland. Mommsen wrote that Caesar’s â€Å"aim was the highest which a man is allowed to propose himself – the political, military, intellectual, and moral regeneration of his own deeply decayed nation [†¦ ] The hard school of thirty years’ experience changed his views as to the means by which this aim was to be reached; his aim itself remained the same in the times of his hopeless humiliation and of his unlimited plenitude of power, in the times when as demagogue and conspirator he stole towards it by paths of darkness, and in those when, as joint possessor of the supreme power and then as monarch, he worked at his task in the full light of day before the eyes of the world. [†¦ ] According to his original plan he had purposed to reach his object [†¦ ] without force of arms, and throughout eighteen years he had as leader of the people’s party moved exclusively amid political plans and intrigues – until, reluctantly convinced of the necessity for a military support, he, when already forty years of age, put himself at the head of an army. †( Romische Geschichte) Many of his actions had sheltered the common citizens against the self-centered rules of the rich. His rules on levies and nationality most likely demonstrate this. On the other hand, were these actions to protect the people his goal or just his instrument to create a solid foundation for a personal cause? The following arguments are the judgments of enormous historians, namely Eduard Meyer and Jerome Carcopino. They believed, as written in their Caesars Monarchie und das Pinzipat des Pompejus and Histoire Romaine, that even as a child, Caesar’s goal was the organization of a dominion in Rome. Caring for the citizens’ welfare was not his aim, instead, he utilized them. According to the German historian Matthias Gelzer, maybe, it was not right to center on Caesar’s guiding principle. He added that Caesar maybe was just an exemplar to a much bigger course. Caesar made history but not in the condition of his own option. He explained further that there had to be profound causes for these actions and it was not right to consider influential men like Julius Caesar as stimulators of social change. Ronald Syme, an Oxford professor, shared the same perspective with Gelzer’s thought that Caesar was just an exemplar to a much bigger course. According to him, Caesar outshined his associate nobles because he established groundwork outside Italy. His abundant allocation of nationality was a significant tool for him to receive this support. He wanted to be the original among his fellows. After World War II, most people agreed with Syme’s abhor of one-man ruling. This resulted in the vanishing of the subject about Caesar. There were articles but there were no improvements. Today, Syme’s ideas were most likely agreed by most historians than Mommsen’s. However, the perspective of Syme deteriorated very fast. His divisions were similar to the elites that managed universities in the 20th century. His principle in family fidelity was not very possible in the real world. (Lendering) At the Capitoline hill in present Rome lies the statue of Caesar. It stares down above the remains of his round-table. What types of accomplishments were left for a man who cared much about his personal heritage to history? Since Caesar’s death, his effect on the history of his country has been continually deliberated. The path he chose in life was obviously notorious. Historians either agreed for his actions or opposed it. Centuries later, uneducated native people who barely knew Rome knew his name. His name is one among some which are often renowned. Those who admire Cicero always oppose the fearless, dignified orator against the striving, monomaniacal demolisher of Rome. Likewise, the ones who look up to Caesar seem to view Cicero as a selfish tool for the oligarchs who, in the first place, had destabilized the Republic even before the arrival of Caesar. In the 19th century, intellectuals raised Caesar’s statesmanship and knowledge into a level that nearly advances into a sect of personality. In Mommsen’s opinion, the Roman Empire was out of power and leads towards devastation. According to him, it was Caesar’s declaration that seized organization of its history and headed towards unwavering years of the Republic. In the 20th century, many historians likened Caesar to Hitler and Stalin due to the unavoidable responses after the end of World War II. Nevertheless, his status has lived two millennia of disordered government and will live the limits of the previous years. For me, Caesar’s path is a breakpoint in the history of Rome and very essential. An obvious misinterpretation of the Roman psyche of his own era is the mistreatment of Caesar as a man preoccupied by his own dignities. To challenge deeply in quest of individual credit was the outcome of as aristocratic whose only immortality rest in eternally touching the history of Rome. Cicero, for all his fully conscious acceptance of the history of Rome, blazed with an unslaked yearning to influence his era and be recalled for his actions. Caesar carried amazing traits to his concluding power of the nation which were not present in his motivated equals. The case was unpersuasive for me because the legislation of his Consulate and the soon after kinds passed while Dictator did not gravely tried to restore mistakes long disregarded by the wrangling rich men who declared that he shattered freedom on his own. Caesar was far more than dreams not like the Gracchis. He was a progressive. Sorting out the applicable comments of his measures from the doubt that a lot of his colleagues were provoked by their personal gluttony and jealousy of his rank among them is hard. Furthermore, the power of Rome was absolutely incompetent of calmly accommodating the transformations of Caesar. It believes with confidence that the Republic was the finest of all potential worlds and that whichever amend was not merely hazardous but completely unpatriotic. Reading the past of Rome from the Gracchi to Augustus is an extensive and disheartening investigation of what prejudice, factionalism, individual goal, aggression, and gluttony had made to Romans. Basically, Rome had turned relatively ensnared in the collapse when men need not describe the universal superior likewise, and where the aspirations of persons or families were dominant. Cicero enclosed his row completely to the advantage of the status quo and the past rulers of Rome for centuries. He probably have profoundly hoped to trust in a concordance of the guidelines and this is the capability of every Roman to work as one. Determining that no one ought to continually accumulate excessive authority or control had get nearer to signify that any reformer was ruined in spite of whether his reorganization was excellent or terrible is the most. It is because to execute them may gain him so much thankful patrons. Probably the most grave in estimating whether the Republic could have viably sustained devoid of Caesar’s measures is to acknowledge this thinking. All of those under pressure to tackle the troubles of the late empire, from the era of Gracchi to Caesar, were all destroyed. Transformation was badly required and no modification appeared probable inside the structure. This perspective is the result of all transformations. Caesar was the only one who lived long enough to start changing the perspective. The main reason why he died is because he did this without enough cruelty. After another war and 20 years of turmoil, the people of Rome acknowledged that dictatorship may be preferable to sovereignty if it conveyed harmony in its way. Unlike Caesar, Augustus was able to make in the course of a technical civil service. This is a vent for the wealthy and determined adolescent noble to perform for his nation devoid of resorting to aggression. (Cross) Reference: Cross, Suzanne. â€Å"Julius Caesar: The Last Dictator; A Biography of Caesar and Rome 100-44 B. C. † 2002-2006. October 27, 2006. http://web. ma/heraklia/Caesar/index. html. Lendering, Jona. â€Å"Gaius Julius Caesar†. 2006. Livius: Articles on ancient history. October 27 2006. http://www. livius. org/caa-can/caesar/caesar01. html. How to cite Biography on Julius Caesar, Papers

Biometric data

Question: What isBiometric data? Explain. Answer: Biometric data is the present trending discussed topic in the past and present also. Previous discussion includes many research papers, proposals for strong biometric information (data) on passports. Many countries like Germany have already implemented this technology in Video Stores for authentication, fingerprint sensor integrated in laptops and even banks started using this biometric devices as well. Even though having wide range of trail uses and proposals, in many countries, this biometric data systems are not widely used for authentication purpose. In this report, we have discussed why biometric authentication is not a standard technique till now. We also analyzed that these biometric devices will make system safety and much more secure. Even though these devices cost high, it is also worth spending much more amount of money on these systems. Our results leads to a conclusion that in most of the cases, the trade-offs which need not to be consider users biometric data for authen tication as compared to other alternative methods like password authentication. Introduction: Security is the most important aspect in the software industry. Many scientists have been proposed different methods like login/password, Personal Identification Number (PIN) etc. But if we look into the present security problems, these methods cannot prevent those problems. In order to overcome the problems, a new security system has been implemented i.e. Biometric data for authentication. Now a days, this technology is used in many places, like banks, market stores, companies, institutions, etc. Even we find finger print sensors in laptops (integrated with it) and also for computers connected as external device. Systems using biometric data introduces a new concept authentication paradigm i.e. based on something like fingerprint, face ,iris etc. or you can do such as handwriting, voice etc. What is Biometric: It is study of automated method for genuinely recognizing things based on one or more intrinsic behavioral or physical traits. It is also described as study of Biometrics that discover ways to compare and make difference between things (individuals) using personal things (that we do) and physical characteristics (things we are). The general physical features used are eyes (IRIS and retina), facial features, hand geometry and fingerprints. The common examples for personal traits are handwriting and voice that are used to distinguish between persons. As these characteristics and traits are unique and universal for all individuals, these are commonly used in this system. Biometric authentication Before going into the detailed explanation about biometric authentication, Let us discuss the general view of access control model that is useful to understand how to keep the authenticaiton system secure. If we look at the following diagram, fig 2, it gives an overview about the model. Fig 2. Overview of access control model. The guard in the middle will give grant for the access to the system. For the decision, the guard uses the data to identify the authorization information and requesting source to find out if the given source is equal to the identified source. If it is equal, then the user was allowed to get access to the requested resource. If necessary, The decision taken by the guard is given to log in, so that it can be able to backtrack decisions. In this report, we talk about the authentication process of the systems that is marked with the darker colored parts in the diagram. In this case, The source is biometric information provided by the person along with combination with other identification information. This information is sent to the guard. The guard use algorithms and it will perform a comparison with the stored information. If it matches, the user was allowed to get access. If not, no grant for the access. Biometric identification is the process of presenting the unknown person biometric data to the system. Then the system use the algorithms for processing the data and compares the data with the stored database until one matches. By this, the system will be able to identify the unknown personality (one to many). So there are many process to run, it takes a little time than that of biometric verification. Biometric verification is the process of providing biometric data to the system and it claims whether the particul ar identity belongs to this data or not (one to one). In most of the authentication processes, biometric verification is used[2]. Working of Biometric system: Coming to the working of biometric system, A biometric system consists of a testing and an enrolment phase. The sample biometric data sets are produced and saved in enrollment phase, that are used for comparison in the authentication process. Each authorized user has to go with this step. In this phase, examples like fingerprints are as in digital information and saved in a database as PIN. If we come to the testing phase, when the person requested for the access of the system, the saved sample in the enrollment phase is used by the guard for decision whether to give grant access to the system or not. The important process for a biometric system is enrollment phase. This can be explained with an example. Suppose if the given sample data taken from a user for authentication, is not good enough, then there will be a high chance of refusing the access to that person[3]. Performance and security considerations: In this section, we will look at the performance and security considerations. We know that as the technology gets improved, the old systems gets replaced by the new systems.[3] It is difficult to measure the performance of a biometric authentication. The main factor that tells about the system is accuracy that indicate whether the performance is good or bad. There are also other factors that need to be considered like speed, cost, storage and ease of use are also considered as well.[5] Sometimes, biometric devices are not perfect and produces errors. If we look at an example, sometimes there are chances of authorized person is rejected by the system and also will get access for a non- authorized person. The probability of the rates of these errors are named as False acceptance and False rejection. In short they are called as FA and FR. For most of the systems, it is possible to tradeoff these types of errors against each other. This is done by increasing the threshold that is used for decision to make a match for these two biometric data. The FA and FR are dependent on each other. For a perfect system, there will be no errors and these rates (FA and FR) are almost zero. For a very secure system, the probability of FA rate is increased to almost zero that results in a high FR rate. The time needed for the authentication process depends on the accuracy and thereby with the security of the system. If the system needs high security, i.e. high rate of FA, then the system could use more characteristic points that need to be compared for an authentication process. So for a more security system, the authentication time will be more as compared with the one with lower security. Therefore authentication systems having a FR and FA rates that affects the time of the authentication process. The below list presents some factors that should be considered in decision process: Amount of support for the running system. Distinctiveness and uniqueness of the biometric trait or characteristic. Intrusiveness of the system Variation of the biometric trait or characteristic Cooperation of the customer Vulnerability to fraud the system Now lets discuss the results of several optical, thermal and capacitive fingerprint scanners, one face recognition and iris scanner system. There are 3 scenarios about how to fool the biometric system.[4] For regular sensing technology, the artificial created data can be used to trick the system. The 2nd scenario is about the artificially created data which is time gained by sniffer programs. The 3rd scenario is if about the directly attack of the database. All fingerprint scanners are able to trick by using artificial gained data. The following methods are used in tricking the fingerprint recognition system: Reactivate the finger fat traces left on the sensors surface by breathing on it. The latent fingerprint is dusted with normal graphite powder, and Adhesive film is slightly pressed on the sensors surface to gain access to the system.[3] Placing a bag filled with warm water on the fingerprint sensor so as Reactivate latent fingerprints. Artificial silicon fingerprints can be produced which can be used for the optical and thermal scanners to access the system successfully. Advantages: The useful advantage of the biometric data is, it cant get lost, duplicated, stolen, forgotten like keys. And also they cant be shared, observed, forgotten, guessed or forgotten like PINs, secret codes. People need not to change the authentication data for every 3 months. This type of authentication systems can increase the security much more as compared to the other systems. The system hardware cant be cheated, If the accuracy of the system is very high. Disadvantages: Acceptability is one of the advantage of the these authentication systems. people are afraid about the light used in the IRIS scanner as it can be harmful for the eyes. These biometric authentication technologies are of high cost. Another disadvantage of biometric systems is varying reliability. Conclusion : If we look at the above results and discussion, it seems to exist more advantages as compared to the disadvantages for biometric authentication systems. The biometric authentication is an interesting and presently the trending topic that has a lot of research going on and to be done on this area. It is also advised to use biometric authentication with other different authentication technologies. This use of multi factor authentication is more secure and research has to be made to improve the techniques and increase the applications of this technology. References: Birgit Kaschte(2005), Biometric authentication systems today and in the future, University of Auckland. Renu Bhatia(2013), Biometrics and Face Recognition Techniques, IJARCSSE, Volume 3, Issue 5, May. Vaclav Matyas, Zdenek Riha, Biometric Authentication Security And Usability. J. Phillips, A. Martin, C.L. Wilson, and M. Przybocki. An introduction to evaluating biometric systems. Computer, 33:56632, February 2000. Anil K. Jain, Lin Hong, Sharath Pankanti, and Ruud Bolle, An identity- authentication system using à ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ngerprints. In Proceedings of the IEEE, volume 85 of 9, September 2007.

Lincoln Douglas Debate free essay sample

In agreeing to the debates, Lincoln ND Douglas decided to hold one debate in each of the nine congressional districts in Illinois. Because both had already spoken in two, Springfield and Chicago, within a day of each other, they decided that their joint appearances would be held only in the remaining seven districts. The debates Were held in seven towns in the State Of Illinois: Ottawa on August 21 , Freeport on August 27, Joneses on September 15, Charleston on September 18, Eagleburger on October 7, Quince on October 13, and Alton on October 15.The debates in Freeport, Quince and Alton drew especially large numbers of people from neighboring states, as the issue of slavery was of monumental importance to citizens across the nation. Newspaper coverage of the debates was intense. Major papers from Chicago sent stenographers to create complete texts of each debate, which newspapers across the United States reprinted in full, with some partisan edits. Newspapers that supported Douglas edited his speeches to remove any errors made by the stenographers and to correct grammatical errors, while they left Lincoln speeches in the rough form in which they had been transcribed. We will write a custom essay sample on Lincoln Douglas Debate or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In the same ay, pro-Lincoln papers edited Lincoln s speeches, but left the Douglas texts as reported. After losing the election for Senator in Illinois, Lincoln edited the texts of all the debates and had them published in a book.The widespread coverage of the original debates and the subsequent popularity of the book led eventually to Lincoln nomination for President of the United States by the 1860 Republican National Convention in Chicago. The format for each debate was: one candidate spoke for 60 minutes, then the other candidate spoke for 90 minutes, and then the first candidate was allowed a 30-minute rejoinder. The candidates alternated speaking first. As the incumbent, Douglas spoke first in four of the debates. Before the debates, Lincoln said that Douglas was encouraging fears of amalgamation of the races with enough success to drive thousands of people away from the Republican Party. Douglas tried to convince, especially the Democrats, that Lincoln was an abolitionist for saying that the American Declaration of Independence applied to blacks as well as whites. Lincoln called a self-evident truth the electric cord that links the hearts of patriotic and liberty-loving men together. Lincoln argued in his House Divided Speech that Douglas was part of a conspiracy to nationalize slavery.Lincoln said that ending the Missouri Compromise ban on slavery in Kansas and Nebraska was the first step in this direction, and that the Dried Scott decision was another step in the direction of spreading slavery into Northern territories. Lincoln expressed the fear that the next Dried Scott decision would make Illinois a slave state. Both Lincoln and Douglas had opposition. Although Lincoln was a former Whig, the prominent former Whig Judge Audiophiles Lyle Dickey said that Lincoln was o closely tied to the abolitionists, and supported Douglas.But Democratic President James Buchanan opposed Douglas for defeating the Locomotion Constitution, and set up a rival National Democratic party that drew votes away from him. Lincoln used a number of colorful phrases in the debates, such as when he said that one argument by Douglas made a horse chestnut into a chestnut horse, and compared an evasion by Douglas to the sepia cloud from a cuttlefish. Lincoln said that Douglas Freeport Doctrine was a do- nothing sovereignty that was as thin as the homeopathic soup that was dad by boiling the shadow of a pigeon that had starved to death. The October surprise of the election was the endorsement of the Democrat Douglas by former Whig John Accredited. Former Whig comprised the biggest block of swing voters, and Criterions endorsement of Douglas rather than Lincoln, also a former Whig, reduced Lincoln chances of winning. On election day, the Democrats won a narrow majority of seats in the Illinois General Assembly, despite getting slightly less than half the votes. The legislature then re-elected Douglas.However, the widespread media coverage f the debates greatly raised Lincoln national profile, making him a viable candidate for nomination as the Republican candidate in the upcoming 1860 presidential election. He would go on to secure both the nomination and the presidency, besting Douglas (as the Northern Democratic candidate), among others, in the process. The Lincoln-Douglas debate format that is used in high school and college competition today is named after this series of debates. Modern presidential debates trace their roots to the Lincoln-?Douglas Debates, though the format today is remarkably different from the original. Lincoln Douglas Debate free essay sample Leslie, Law Professor from the Benjamin Carload School of Law, wrote, Consequently, the contents of attorney-client communications are extraordinarily relevant and reliable evidence. If the point of litigation is to deduce the truth, why exclude attorney-client communications? Most evidentially rules further the search for truth. Hearsay is excluded as unreliable, character evidence as unduly prejudicial. The law of privileges is a stark exception because it conceals evidence that is highly reliable and probative.We tolerate attorney-client privilege because we suppose that without it, fear or ignorance would cause clients to omit, slant, or falsify information when consulting attorneys. Perhaps unwittingly, clients would refit the opportunity to obtain sound legal advice. The privilege, therefore, enables clients to function effectively in the legal system. The price is the exclusion of relevant and reliable evidence. In a fair trial, both the defendant and the accuser swear to tell the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth. We will write a custom essay sample on Lincoln-Douglas Debate or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This cannot occur if the defendant tells the attorney of the heinous crime, and the attorney covers up the tracks for his guilty client. This breaks the oath by not telling the whole truth under oath, and May possibly let a guilty man be let free even tough he is in all rights guilty. The reviled even excludes evidence that is related to but not necessarily a part of what is covered in by the privilege. As a democracy the U. S is formed around the idea of the social contract in which idea that citizens will give up certain rights, to a certain degree, in order for the government to protect the populace and effectively serve justice.The way the government upholds its end of the contract is through its laws, meaning that breaking the law will result in consequence. If the laws are broken and there is no punishment then the laws dont serve their purpose meaning the government cant serve TTS purpose either. Attorney client privilege makes it harder for the guilty to be convicted and result in a larger number of incorrect verdicts. Therefore the law isnt upheld, the guilty go free and the law process ineffective. More importantly, however, the innocent arent protected and therefore this undermines the purpose Of the social contract.As a democracy the U. S is formed around the idea of the social contract in which idea that citizens will give up certain rights, to a certain degree, in order for the government to protect the populace and effectively serve justice. The way the government upholds its end of the contract is through its laws, meaning that breaking the law will result in consequence. Fifth laws are broken and there is no punishment then the laws dont serve their purpose meaning the government cant serve its purpose either.Attorney client privilege makes it harder for the guilty to be convicted and result in a larger number of incorrect verdicts. Therefore the law isnt upheld, the guilty go free and the law proves ineffective. More importantly, however, the innocent arent protected and therefore this undermines the purpose of the social contract. With this essentially immoral, albeit perfectly legal arrangement, we have surrounded ourselves with lies, and locked ourselves up within a system that perpetuates further lies.Our jails are filled with people who are incarcerated for all the wrong reasons, a miasmas haze of generalized guilt unspecified and totally disconnected from the actual events themselves. They sit in jail, and the story of what happened sits with them. And no one seems to care, as long as jails have low vacancy rates. We have bargained away the sanctity of truth for the certainty of a jail sentence. Indeed, the official courthouse records of criminal suppositions are distorted, because they reflect false punishments. A rape IS reduced to an assault.Something that is felonious suddenly, magically, becomes merely mischievous. A first-degree offense is lessened to a crime with a lower degree of culpability, stripped down to something less ominous- and less true. We are all ultimately the unwitting victims off system that subordinates truths to its narrow vision of justice. But constituencies all about discovering the truth? Moral and historical justice cant be accomplished without knowing what happened. This is what people assume courthouses re for: truth telling, truth seeking, justice embodied in the very nature, and in all the delicate nuances, of truth itself.Some proponents of the privilege argue that abandoning the privilege will discourage people from seeking legal advice, but this is not empirically proven. Edward J. Malingered, Law Professor at U. Cal Davis, writes, There have been a number of studies on the effect of the attorney-client and psychotherapist-patient privileges. It is certainly dangerous to extrapolate from the available data, because there have been only a few handfuls of studies. However, the findings in the studies re relatively uniform.The researchers have fairly consistently found that: Even absent a privilege, only a small minority of laypersons would be deterred from consulting the professional; without a privilege, perhaps a significant minority of the laypersons would be somewhat more guarded in their communications, particularly written communications, with the confidant; but the vast majority of laypersons would still consult and communicate with their confidants to roughly the same extent. On reflection, these findings should not come as a surprise. As professor paschal pointed UT in the Senate hearings on the proposed Federal Rules of Evidence, most laypersons communicating with confidants are engaged in primary, pre- litigation activities. Typically, at the time of the communication they have little or no concern about subsequent litigation. Moreover, they often have strong, even impelling, reasons to communicate. For example, if a patient is in intense pain or fears that he or she is dying, the patient is likely to disclose any information requested by the physician regardless of the existence veil non of a medical privilege in that jurisdiction. And even if it were true that abandoning the privilege will discourage some from seeking legal advice, only those who are guilty would be discouraged from doing so. The innocent have nothing to hide. All societies are formed around the social contract. All social contract theories are based off of the idea that the people will give up certain rights, to an extent, in order for the government to protect the populace in some way.The mechanisms for a government to uphold its end of the social contract are its laws. However, for laws to mean anything, they must have authority, meaning that if someone breaks a law, they must be punished, otherwise it would be as if no laws existed at all. The mechanism is simple, but its implementation is difficult. Modern jurisprudence, including attorney client privilege, makes it substantially more difficult for the guilty to be convicted, causing a net decrease in the number of correct verdicts.In these circumstances, the law is not upheld, and the guilty go free, undermining the authority of the law in the process, and, by extension, the social contract itself is undermined. Negative The primary argument in favor of retaining the attorney- client privilege is hat it facilitates effective representation, which is important to justice. The purpose of the attorney-client privilege is to enable clients to make full and frank disclosures to their attorneys so that those attorneys can provide effective advice and candid representation.Without the privilege, people would not be able to use attorneys effectively because they would be deterred from sharing critical information with their attorneys out of fear that it could be used against them in trial. Ronald Goldberg, Attorney states protection O f attorney-client communications a modern form Of proof reductionism toward which courts are especially solicitous? Historical privilege has benefited from judicial deference and understanding. Court reported, It is out of regard. .. O the administration of justice, who cannot go on without he aid of men skilled in jurisprudence, in the Para the courts, and in those matters affecting rights and obligations which the subject of all judicial proceedings. If the privilege did not exist at a one would be thrown upon his own legal resources. Deprived of all professional assistance, a man would not venture to consult ay skillful or would only dare to tell his counselor half his case. And without off representation, it would be difficult to achieve justice. One of the basic tenants of the U. S. System is a strong defense without all the knolled: possible a defense attorney cannot give a defendant the best defense possible. The absence of Attorney-Client privileged would cause defend to actually not tell their attorneys the truth resulting in the opposite e the intent of the Resolution. One could actually argue that Attorney CLC preventable is essential to truth seeking therefore they should have CE precedence. On one scenario, we have truth seeking, which does not serially bring justice at all and is incredibly difficult to discern.Our scenario is the attorney-client privilege, which allows the defendant to professional advice on what is the right action, and thereby just. This the defendant to more accurately decide what is just, and therefore, b the attorney client privilege brings a higher chance of justice, should etc precedence over truth seeking in the United States criminal justice sys How can a government be legitimate if its violating peoples basic hung rights t o privacy, did we not found this country to preserve our basic h eight?Also why would a client tell his attorney anything if he knows HTH information would immediately be released, it doesnt allow lawyers etc there job, and if they know the full and unedited truth it can help bring! A correct verdict rather than also letting peoples rights be infringed u Negative debaters can question the value Of truth seeking. While that the privilege excludes evidence that is important for truth seeking important to note that this evidence would not exist in the first place v the privilege. Its not as if the privilege is covering up evidence that wool tennis be known.

buy custom General Introduction to the Case essay

buy custom General Introduction to the Case essay The case involves Carol Howes, who is a Warden of the Lakeland Correctional Facility in Michigan as the petitioner. Randall Fields who is a prisoner at the Lakeland Correctional Facility is the respondent. Randall Fields is sentenced to imprisonment for ten to fifteen years. He is serving the sentence under state convictions for criminal sexual conduct of the third degree. According to the petition side of the case, two sheriffs deputies removed Randall Fields from his cell without advice on his Miranda rights. However, Fields was informed that he was at liberty to leave if he was not willing to continue with the interrogation. Nonetheless, the respondent did not leave or ask to be escorted back to the cell. The petitioner argues that a bright-line Miranda rule that was applied in this case gives convicted criminals more rights even than ordinary citizens (American Bar Association 12). The petitioner further asserts that the Court should endorse Miranda context-specific test especially where prisoners are involved and thus should revert the new bright-line approach of the Sixth Circuit. According to the respondent side of the case, Fields Miranda rights were violated since he was not duly instructed of these rights before the interrogation and removal from the jail as is legally expected. Although he was informed of his liberty to leave if he was not willing to continue with the interrogation, there was actually no one to escort him back to the cell since he was not familiar with the building. Randall Fields had no alternative but to sit and continue with the interrogation since there was no one to escort him back to the cell. Therefore, whereas he was at liberty to leave, this was not absolutely guaranteed. This is contrary to the provisions of the Fifth Amendment law that guarantees the application of the bright-line test in relation to cases involving custodial interrogations (American Bar Association 18). The Supreme Court law also requires that Miranda rights be given to an inmate removed from prison population for interrogation outside the prison and where the officers involved are unaffiliated with the prison (American Bar Association 18). The case requires the Supreme Court to determine the applicability of Miranda rights rules and whether or not Fields was entitled to these rights during his interrogation away from the general prison population. It also involves determination of whether or not the Fifth Amendment law absolutely applies where custodial interrogations are involved (American Bar Association 12). The Supreme Court is thus to determine whether, in line with the Fifth Amendment law and the bright-line Miranda principle, Fields rights were actually violated during the interrogation away from the prison population. Ideological issues in the Case The liberal side of this case would support Fields on grounds that he was not informed of his Miranda rights even as he was being removed from the general prison population for interrogation in the conference room in unusually odd hour. Although he was informed that he had the option of leaving back to the jail, one of the deputies admittedly testified that thedefendant was not escorted back to the cell (Dominguez 2011). The liberal side would thus support the respondent and base their decision on the grounds that his rights as provided for in the Fifth Amendment law and the bright-line test approach to Miranda warnings were violated. The conservative side would favor Carol Howes, the petitioner by resorting to the provisions of Mathis (American Bar Association 10). The conservatives would endorse Miranda context-specific test approach in this case. Hemmes et al (550) posits that this provision holds that Miranda rights are applicable but do not expressly establish that such individuals in custody be automatically entitled to Miranda warnings every time they are to be interrogated away from the general prison population (Brody and Acker 245). Supreme Courts Possible Ruling Generally, the Court would adopt a liberal decision in its ruling. This decision is influenced by the provision of the Fifth Amendment and the application of the bright-line test approach to Miranda rights. Further, the Supreme Court law provides that Miranda rights be given to any inmate removed from prison population for interrogation on occurrences outside the prison and where the officers involved are unaffiliated with the prison (American Bar Association 18). This right was violated by the petitioner. This explains why the decision is likely to be liberal and in favor of the respondent. Personal Opinion about the Case In the petition case involving Carol Howes and Randall Fields, I would rule in favor of the respondent. This is because the Sixth Circuits Mathis provides that Miranda warnings must be issued whenever a law enforcement officer removes any inmate from the general population for any custodial interrogations (Dominguez 2011). Fields was not entitled to the Miranda rights at the time of his removal from the jail. Precedent and Impact of the Case The precedent in this case is founded on the general provisions for Miranda rights. In the case of Oregon and Mathiason, 429 U.S. 494 (1977), the court considering Mathis, decided that Miranda principle is absolutely applicable based on the bright-line approach in the contexts where interrogation of a prisoner takes place in a setting away from the prison population (American Bar Association 21). In Oregon versus Mathiason, the Court decisively stated that Miranda rights are very applicable where there is restriction on a prisoners freedom and where the interrogation is coercive. This was the same in the case of Fields versus Howes. In this respect, the role of stare decisis will be very critical in the Supreme Courts decision in this case. The Court will also rely on the results of the precedent case involving Rhodes Island versus Innis, 446 U.S. 291, 301 (1980). In this case, the Court was to decide on a matter where there was dispute between application of bright-line test principle and the contextual test approach to Miranda provisions (Hemmes et al 550). In this case the Court decided that the coerciveness of the interrogation environment is a separate question from the matter involving custody. Therrefore, where the prisoner is already in custody, the bright-line approach to Miranda is applicable in line with the provisions of the Fifth Amendment law that the Supreme Court refers to in cases of a similar nature (Brody and Acker 245-246). Considering the precedent and evaluating the impact of this case, United States versus Menzer of 1994 could be used as a reference. In this case, the officers that were doing the interrogations worked hard to ensure that the interrogations were as non-coercive as possible. The inmate was also given the option to decide whether or not he wanted to meet the officers for interrogations (Brody and Acker 245-246). This is why the Court ruled in favor of the petitioner. On the contrary Fields was not granted this right. His interrogation was openly coercive. This explains why the Supreme Court must not go on the contrary in consideration of the precedent cases and the stare decisis. The precedent cases and the role of stare decisis would be very critical in determining the outcome of this case. This is because in principle, the Supreme Court does not contradict itself. The provision of Sixth Circuit that holds that routine questioning does not require advice on the rights would thus be ignored in this case (American Bar Association 32). Instead, the Court would refer to Mathis and the Fifth Amendment law as the controlling precedent in this case. The outcome of this case would be very critical especially in terms of setting precedence for the future cases involving interrogation of prisoners and where the Miranda warning provisions are involved. Besides, it will be very significant especially considering the fact that bright-line and Miranda context-specific test approaches have been crowded by differences in interpretation in the lower Courts. The decision of the Supreme Court in Fields versus Howes would thus be used as a referent case to guide future rulings in cases involving rights of prisoners that are being interrogated away from the general prison population. Relevance of the Case to Class Learning Context The case is very relevant to the course content as it involves determination of violation of Miranda rights or the absence of the same. It is further interesting to explore how this connects with the provisions of the Fifth Amendment law that guides cases involving custodial interrogations. The Fifth Amendment law reinforces the bright-line test and Miranda principles as it relates to custodial interrogations. Therefore, proper considerations must be made so as to help a person understand and exploit all the privileges that the case settings provide. Fields was not guaranteed this right and privilege during his interrogation. The Fifth Amendment law also provides that the defendant in a custodial case be made aware of the right to remain silent in the interrogation process. This is quite contextual in this case especially considering that Randall Fields was not absolutely given this right. This is despite the fact the Fifth Amendment and the provision of Miranda warning and rights safeguards his rights since he is in legal custody until he has fully served his ten to fifteen year sentence. Buy custom General Introduction to the Case essay

Timberland and City Year Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Timberland and City Year - Case Study Example The Timberland brand had existed since 1973 and had shown steady growth since then. When Jeffery Swartz took over in 1991, he applied some basic business expertise to the organization, reducing overheads, cutting inventory, and improving customer service significantly. The result was an increase in revenues from $196 million in 1990 to $650 in 1994. Alongside, Swartz made considerable effort to associate the company and the brand with community service. Swartz developed a distinct relationship with City Year, a fledgling community service corps for young people in the Boston area. Between 1991 and 1994, this relationship strengthened from a supply of 70 boots to a level where Timberland stood committed to providing five million dollars to City Year over a five-year period and Swartz taking a position on its Board. City Year in the meantime increased its spread to six major cities across the US and gained recognition as a national community service receiving 50% of its funds through F ederal grants. Timberland's practice of modern day philanthropy, although good hearted, cannot go without both challenges and criticisms. In the subsequent analysis, we find that the partnership generated benefits and negatives for Timberland because of the inherent and sometimes acute difference in agendas of a for-profit company and a non-profit organization. However, the most drastic problems surfaced in late 1994, early 1995. The loss for Timberland was financial, leaving many employees worried about an uncertain future. Timberland was forced to scale back its operation, laying off a number of employees and outsourcing labor. City Year also faced funding problems, as Congress threatened to withdraw federal funding. Community service with City Year became a major source of tension within the company as employees found it difficult to accept diversion of major amounts to City Year while colleagues lost their jobs in the company. The problem now became whether and how to maintain commitment to co mmunity service in the face of financial difficulties. Literature Review Mason (1993), states that customers may not perceive companies as doing enough even when they are providing good quality at competitive prices. There is increasing emphasis on environment and social involvement among businesses as part of strategy (Fellman, 1999). This concern has been at the root of corporate responsibility discussions that took shape in the Sarbanes Oxley Act, requiring transparency in operations and for companies to demonstrate their commitment to the environment and society through positive action. Studies have shown that customers buy from their business not only based on criteria such as price, quality, and availability, but also other socially responsible acts. According to L&G Business Solutions, a 2001 Hill & Knowlton Harris Interactive poll showed that 79% of Americans consider corporate citizenship when deciding whether to buy a particular company's product; 36% of Americans consider corporate citizenship an important factor when making purchasing decision s. Cause related marketing (CRM) is an accepted and key strategy in

Potential impact of Chimps making spears for hunting on American Term Paper - 1

Potential impact of Chimps making spears for hunting on American Culture - Term Paper Example e developing into a human form, the study of this behaviour of the chimpanzees gives a great deal of insight into the hunting skills and the weapons that might have been used by the early man. (Pruetz JD and Bertolani, 2007) The research was conducted by two anthropologists Jill Pruetz and Paco Bertolani. Dr. Jill Pruetz who specializes in Biological Anthropology is an associate professor of Anthropology. Her research work has taken her to places including Peru, Costa Rica, Kenya, Nicaragua and Senegal. (www.terradaily.com, 2007) The research mainly focussed on the behaviour of spider monkeys, chimpanzees and howling monkeys. The observation of chimpanzees exhibiting predatory behaviour to hunt food has increased her interest to study the influence that ecology might have exerted in developing feeding habits and social behaviour of early man. (news.nationalgeographic.com) She is currently in Senegal undertaking a research funded by the National Geographic Society and the National Science Foundation. Its aim is to study the behaviour of chimps in an environment that is as simulated and close to the condition that existed during the times of the early man. She also co-founded DANTA which is a non-profit organization and is also actively involved in teaching and other conservation activities. (www.anthr.iastate.edu, 2011) Paco Bertolani is a Phd student and an anthropologist of great promise who successfully conducted these research experiments with Dr. Jill and has formulated several key aspects on behavioural policies exhibited by chimpanzees. A dissertation presented in 1994 dealt with the challenges faced by primates in food consumption and their social interaction. In 1997 another dissertation on adoption scenarios being taken up by chimpanzees was also a major achievement. (www.human-evol.cam.ac.uk) Paco also has a wealth of field experience. He was present in 1994-1996 to study the behaviour of forest chimpanzees. In 1998-2000 field studies were also

Alcohol Dehydrogenase: From Ethanol To Acetaldehyde

Alcohol Dehydrogenase: From Ethanol To Acetaldehyde (20) 1. Alcohol dehydrogenase (AD) is an enzyme which catalyzes the reaction of its natural substrate ethanol to form acetaldehyde. The Km of AD, from rhinoceros livers, for ethanol is 1 X 10-3M. This enzyme is however somewhat non-specific and will recognize substrates other than ethanol. How would the kinetic plot be affected if AD were to separately catalyze methanol and isopropanol instead of ethanol? Assume that the overall Vmax remains the same in all 3 cases. How would the Km change for methanol compared to ethanol (higher, lower, the same)? How would the Km change for isopropanol compared to ethanol (higher, lower, the same)? How would the Kms of methanol and isopropanol compare (which higher than the other or about the same). Based upon your knowledge of the mechanisms by which enzymes work, briefly explain how you decided to place your new Kms. Hint: The alcohols are being added separately. There is not any kind of competition between the alcohols. They are not included in the same reaction. For your reference, the structures of these alcohols are below. Because ethanol is the natural substrate of Alcohol dehydrogenase (AD), AD would have a higher affinity and bind more readily to ethanol than other alcohols, including methanol and isopropanol. Because AD has a higher affinity for ethanol than other alcohols, its Km would be lower than methanol and isopropanol. The lower the Michaelis constant (Km) the less substrate required to get to  ½ Vmax or  ½ the maximum reaction rate and the higher the affinity of the enzyme for the substrate. Higher Km means more substrate concentration to reach  ½ Vmax and less affinity of the enzyme for the substrate. Vmax or the maximum reaction rate can be approached, but never actually reached. The Km for methanol would be higher than ethanol, thus requiring more substrate to reach  ½ Vmax and demonstrating lower affinity of AD for methanol. The Km for isopropanol would be higher than ethanol, thus requiring more substrate to reach  ½ Vmax and demonstrating lower affinity of AD for isopropanol . The Km for methanol would be lower than the Km for isopropanol and show a higher affinity for AD. The Michaielis-Menten kinetic plot would reflect a Km of 110-3M at  ½ Vmax for ethanol, a Km greater than 110-3M for methanol and a Km greater than the Km of methanol for isopropanol. The overall Vmax is the same for all three, so the  ½ Vmax for all three will stay the same. The plotted curve would become less vertical with the initial angle for ethanol becoming more acute and the curve becoming more linear as it changed from ethanol to methanol to isopropanol. Ethanol is ADs natural substrate, so based on enzyme mechanisms, it is able to bind more readily to AD due to its size and shape which fits ADs active site and allows ethanol to get close enough to create hydrogen bonds. The substrate and enzyme change confirmation and become destabilized which stabilizes the transition state, lowers the energy of activation and allows easier formation of the reaction products. Methanol and isopropanol do not bind as well, likely due to their structure or size and shape. Methanol is one carbon shorter which would prevent it from fitting in the AD site as well as ethanol and has fewer numbers of hydrogens, reducing H-bonding potential. Isopropanol is one carbon larger than ethanol which might make it too bulky to effectively bind to AD. Isopropanol is a secondary alcohol, with two carbon atoms attached to the carbon bonded to the OH, creating a bulky Y shape and not a chain alcohol like methanol and ethanol. This conformation and bulky shape prevents isopropanol from binding more readily than methanol, which is similar to ethanols linear shape. (10) 2. Briefly explain the protein cleavage involved in the maturation of an insulin molecule from proinsulin. Briefly explain 3 reasons why it is important that insulin be made as an inactive precursor requiring editing. Hint: Think in terms of things that would be important to the action of insulin (decreasing blood sugar). Protein cleavage is post-translational processing. Proinsulin is the precursor to insulin. Proinsulin is a polypeptide chain that loops around to form two disulfide bonds between four cysteine amino acids, two near either end. Endopeptidase cuts two molecules by proteolysis to remove the middle portion of the polypeptide. The final disulfide stabilized protein is insulin. Inactive proinsulin allows for optimal intracellular insulin stores that can be edited or activated quickly if needed to lower blood sugar and quickly prevent hyperglycemia. Proinsulins can be produced rapidly in response to elevated blood sugar with the post-translational processing switched off quickly; leaving the inactive molecules, once blood sugar is under control. Proinsulin is important because it is not degraded until it is needed, thus does not cause harmful low blood sugar levels and maintains sustained basal levels of insulin in the body. (10) 3. Briefly and individually outline the mechanisms of action for covalent, competitive, non-competitive, and uncompetitive enzyme inhibitors indicating how they effect enzyme action. For each type of inhibitor, describe a unique example of how we could learn something valuable, and at least somewhat practical, about an enzyme from each type of inhibitor study. The mechanism of action for covalent enzyme inhibitors is covalent binding in the enzyme active site and thus preventing substrate binding. This is irreversible and completely deactivates the enzyme requiring more enzymes to be produced to catalyze the reaction. This could tell us what amino acids bind in the enzyme active site by identifying covalent inhibitor modified functional groups and also substrate binding order. The mechanism of action for competitive enzyme inhibitors is they are shaped like the substrate and can bind in the enzyme active site, blocking the substrates binding. Competitive inhibitors can be outcompeted by increasing the substrate concentration and are reversible. Competitive inhibitors could be used to determine enzyme substrate affinities by finding out how much substrate is required and how long it takes to get back to  ½ Vmax. The mechanism of action for non-competitive enzyme inhibitors is they bind in a place other than the enzyme active site, allowing the substrate to bind, but they destabilize the transition state which hinders the enzyme by obstructing its proper performance and reducing Vmax. Non- competitive inhibitors are reversible, but cannot be outcompeted because they do not bind to the active site. Non-competitive inhibitors could be used to determine an enzymes induced fit mode of action as the substrate would still be able to bind, but not fully react. The mechanism of action for uncompetitive enzyme inhibitors is the substrate and inhibitor bind together in multi-substrate enzymes. While substrate binding and Km seem better, velocity is less because the inhibitor acts as part of the substrate. They are reversible. Uncompetitive inhibitors could be used to determine effective drug therapies by inhibiting an enzyme to varying degrees without permanently altering it, counter acting large amounts of the multi-substrate enzyme but not eliminating it from performing other useful functions. (10) 4. In discussing advances in molecular biotechnology, we mentioned 2 processes whose names sound remarkably similar called RFLP and AFLP. These two processes indeed share some similarities, but have many differences. Briefly explain 2 significant similarities that these share in their processes. Briefly explain 2 significant differences in terms of what these processes are used for. One similarity in RFLP and AFLP processes is cutting DNA for RFLP and cDNA for AFLP with restriction enzymes to create fragments. Another similarity is that DNA is electrophoresed in RFLP to separate different sized restriction fragments creating unique patterns for organisms or individuals (with the exception of twins) much like fingerprints and used for comparison. PCR products are electrophoresed in AFLP to compare tissues, experiments or expression profiling. One difference in what these processes are used for is RFLP is used to compare DNA from people or organisms for genetic fingerprinting and forensics, and AFLP is used to profile gene expressions (requiring mRNA to be converted to cDNA) of uncharacterized tissues, organisms or experiments. Another difference is AFLP can be used for Quantitative Trait Loci which help identify multifactorial inheritance of traits and assist in genome mapping, whereas RFLP is not used for QTL, but can be used for identifying a persons predisposition for a particular disease. (10) 5. Life on the planet Zornock encodes its genetic info in overlapping nucleotide triplets such that the translation apparatus shifts only one nucleotide at a time. In other words, if we had the nucleotide sequence ABCDEF on Earth this would be two codons (ABC DEF) whereas on Zornock it would be 4 codons (ABC, BCD, CDE, DEF) and the beginning of two others. Briefly explain and compare the effect of each of the following types of mutations on the amino acid sequence of a protein in 1) an earthling and 2) a Zornocker. A. The addition of one nucleotide. B. The deletion of one nucleotide. C. The deletion of 3 consecutive nucleotides. Assume these all occur in the middle of a gene. X = added nucleotide, ? = unknown nucleotide A1. One nucleotide added resulting in ABCXDEF in the earthling would create a frameshift that would produce the original codon ABC, a new codon XDE and one codon beginning F. A2. One nucleotide added resulting in ABCXDEF in the Zornocker would create one new codon, making a total of 5 codons, (ABC, BCX, CXD, XDE, DEF) and the beginning of two other codons EF? and F. B1. The deletion of one nucleotide resulting in ABCEF in the earthling would create a frameshift that would produce one original codon, ABC and two different beginnings EF? and F. B2. The deletion one nucleotide resulting in ABCEF in the Zornocker would result in 3 complete codons, ABC, BCE and CEF and two beginnings EF? and F. C1. The deletion of three consecutive nucleotides resulting in ABF in the earthling would create a frameshift that would result in one new codon, ABF. C2. The deletion of three consecutive nucleotides resulting in ABF in the Zornocker would result in one new codon and two partial codons, ABF and the beginnings BF? and F. The insertions and deletions in the earthling would produce a frameshift, creating different codons and a different polypeptide chain from the mutation on. Other effects of the frameshift could be inserting a different AA into the polypeptide or stopping translation altogether. These genotype effects could create non-functioning proteins or fragments, partially functioning proteins or no protein expression. The insertions and deletions in the Zornocker would add or remove codons at the site of the mutation, but would not alter the polypeptide chain after the mutation due to the overlapping nucleotide triplets. (10) 6. Imagine that weve isolated a new and potentially useful mutation in an existing model plant. Our goal as biotechnologists might be to characterize the mutation, figure out what protein it affects, figure out how it is expressed, figure out how it is controlled, and how to best take advantage of it for crop improvement. Using the techniques that weve covered so far, briefly outline a series of experiments and expected results, using at least 5 of the techniques weve discussed, to attempt to achieve the above goals. Hint: There is more than one way to do this. 1 In order to characterize the mutation, we could use Sanger DNA sequencing to determine the amino acid sequence of the mutated gene. We use a primer and DNA polymerase to start DNA synthesis. We then prepare reactions with dideoxynucleotides (ddNTP) for each nitrogenous base, A, T, C and G. We run the reactions with normal nitrogenous bases and one ddNTP nitrogenous base representing either A, T, C or G. The ddNTPs terminate the DNA chains and when all the reactions are electrophoresed on a gel with lanes A, T, C and G, we can read from the bottom up to determine the DNA sequence. We could then compare the DNA sequence to the sequence of the existing model plant to determine the differences in amino acid sequences caused by the mutation. 2. In order to characterize what protein it affects, we could detect gene expression and protein interactions by using qRT-PCR. First we create mRNA by transcribing the mutant DNA genes. Next, we convert the mRNA using reverse transcriptase to cDNA. Then we run a qPCR on the cDNA and add SYBR green to the products. SYBR green intercalates the DNA and we can measure the fluorescence and determine the number of mRNA copies, thus determining which proteins are affected. 3. In order to figure out how it is expressed, we could use DNA microarray and protein microarray analysis. With DNA microarrays we obtain gene chips and hybridize fluorescently labeled cDNA from the tissues containing the mutation. The mutation sample is compared to the model sample in parallel microarrays. A machine then analyzes and overlays the images to measure transcript levels, identify products and determine upregulation and downregulation of many proteins. We could also use protein microarrays which are similar to DNA microarrays, but are used to identify other proteins and compounds a protein interacts with. At times, protein function can be inferred by analyzing the environment in which it is expressed. 4. To figure out how it is controlled, we could use in situ hybridization to locate the mutant gene expression products or RNA molecules produced. First we chemically fix sample tissues to slides. With DNA probes we could localize mRNAs to see which cells and where in these cells the gene is being expressed. We could probe with antibodies to determine which proteins are being translated. We could add or subtract associated enzymes, substrates and cofactors and alter internal and external cell conditions to see how this changes the gene expression and thus determine how the gene is controlled. 5. To determine how best to take advantage of it, we could genetically engineer the model plant with the mutation by inserting the mutant DNA into a Ti plasmid, creating a recombinant Ti plasmid, and have Agrobacterium introduce that into the model plant. The Ti plasmid would recombine with the model plant DNA and create a genetically engineered plant that expresses the new trait. We could then run various experiments on the genetically engineered plant to determine if the trait is expressed as desired and if not, change the variables until we get the advantage we are looking for.

Festival: Meaning of Life and Festivals Essay

A festival is an event which is celebrated collectively for celebrating a cause. Festivals are mostly celebrated to propagate the cultural heritage of nations. Festivals highlight various aspects of a society. For example people in all around the world celebrate Christmas, New Year, Sports events such as Olymics, Easter, Eid and other religious and cultural events to exhibit their emotions and happiness. Festivals at national level help to promote solidarity and patriotic spirit in the society. Religious festivals all around the world bring convergence and propagate acceptance of all kinds of religions in different geographical segments. International festivals help to increase brotherhood and remove ethnic racism in the world. Owing to the fact that world has become a global village, celebrations of all kinds of festivals in a country improves the overall image of the country and shows the acceptance of cultural diversity in the country. They help keeping alive the older traditions and provide entertainment to the people celebrating events in different parts of the world.All the festivals that we celebrate have some profound meaning in it and they have some pragmatic purpose also. If we take the example of Christmas, we all know that why it is being celebrated but when it comes to the purposes that it serves along with the religious one; primarily it is a psychological one. We all need some days of break in our life from our regular job. Sometimes we take it voluntarily but mass don’t understand the purpose of taking break and it is for these people, the festivals serve better that anybody. They are forced to enjoy life and thus they can improve the quality of their life. There are some other purposes also that a festival serves and usually you will find that people meet each other along with their families and thus improve their social life. So now you can understand the meaning of celebrating a festival and we expect that you will also spread the message celebration the world over.

Blood Brothers Essay

My initial example is where Eddie is advising Mickey what to say when he asks Linda out. Eddie: Linda my loins are burning for you. Let me lay my weary head on your warm breast; Linda, I love you, I want you, the very centre of my being calls out for you! Eddie’s environment has obviously affected the way that he could just think of something to say which is very romantic. You could not imagine Mickey saying such things. Eddie is more confident and knows how to use his vocabulary well in order to get people to do things. When Mickey tries to, his outcome is abysmal. Mickey: Erm†¦ er, well the thing is the centre of my†¦ being cries out for†¦ erm, my knees, loins are†¦ (snaps) Linda for Christ’s sake will you go out with me? Linda agrees. Mickey cannot find the right words to say even if he is told what to say. Mickey’s vocabulary is retarded because of his environment. His school is worse than Eddie’s so he tries to copy Eddie but still cannot do that. I put this under humour because I thought it was quite funny but it could also go under language as both of the boys language has been affected by their environment. My next example is when the policewoman asks Eddie what he is doing. Eddie replies â€Å"Adolf Hitler†. Then the policewoman asks him what his name is and he says that he is waiting for the 92 bus. For one moment I think Eddie wanted to be like Mickey and tried to be cheeky to the police officer but because of his family and environment he was unable to do that and it ended up the wrong way around. This example is like my original but the other way around. Now, I am going to discuss the way that Russell uses plot to stress the point that family and environment have an effect on peoples lives and opportunities. The whole of the story is based around two males who are separated at birth. One of the twins had been told that there was a twin brother and that he died at birth, the other had been told that he was an only child. Now they are isolated from each other their lives begin to change because of their background and environment. My first example is when Mickey and Linda are married and are looking for a house from the council. They had been waiting for approximately five years for a new house and still had not got one! When Linda was passing the Council Offices she stepped into the housing officer’s office and asked to speak to him. When he arrived Linda was surprised as the man was Eddie. She pleaded once again for a house to live in, and because of Eddies environment he said that all he needed to do was to make one phone call. Then Mickey and Linda would be at the top of the list and could have a house very soon. Because of Mickey and Linda’s environment, they were forced to go to the council for a cheap or free house and considering Eddie’s status he could do this extremely quickly. My second example for plot is where Linda turns out just like Mrs Johnson, (Mickey’s mum. ) In â€Å"Educating Rita,† another of Russell’s work, Rita was expected to have a baby as soon as they got married. This is just like Linda with Mickey. In their family and environment they are expected to have a baby young and to traditionally stay around the house. This reduces their opportunities in life as they do not work once they have had a baby. The man of the house, in their environment, is foreseen to do all of the work and bring all of the money in. This is exactly what happens in this story. Now, I have completed â€Å"plot†, I will go on to analyse the staging devises Willy Russell uses to show the effect that family and environment have on the two boys lives. There was a recent performance at a local theatre, which I went to see. I found that by going to see the acted story I found how even the way you dress, your family and your environment were involved in some way. My leading example through â€Å"set† is costume. I noticed Mickey was wearing clothes too big for him which have most likely been passed down through the family. Eddie is the complete opposite to Mickey in the way that he is wearing smart, new school clothes and looks very sharp in his uniform. Russell shows how even clothes have an effect on family and environment. At the play it showed the brothers in completely different houses. One at the rough end of the village and the other at the very high end of social environment. They live in different ways and houses because of their environment. Their family either reduces the opportunity to live in a high class house or improves the opportunity. There are certain changes in the acted story, the first being where Mickey helped his brother complete a crime which went wrong. People in Mickey’s environment often resort to this as they need the money, but people in Eddie’s environment would never be constrained to doing this sort of thing as they always have money. When Mickey went to jail he had to be put on anti-depressants to help him cope with the stress and loneliness of prison. This was the final straw for Mickey because all of his life he had been pushed to the limit craving for food and money, lots of things also go wrong in Mickey’s environment. When he finally reached confinement he felted that was enough. If Eddie had been placed in jail he would probably be able to cope as he has had less to put up with than Mickey but would most likely be bailed anyway! I conclude that every little detail which Willy Russell has put into his well crafted book, and performance, has something to do with family and environment. Because of his own experiences he was able to complete the task of writing this book and include very graphic details of how family and environment effects peoples everyday lives and opportunities.

Gun Control Is Unconstitutional - 1069 Words

Gun Control Is Unconstitutional Is it right to guarantee 100% of your rights outlined in Constitution of the United States of America in one area, but only about 90% in another area? The Second Amendment allows citizens the right to bear arms.This topic is very important to every traditional and patriotic American that wants to provide and protect for their families. Americans need to see that guns are not the trouble for all the violence and crimes that are reported on the news. Guns are needed for protection and owning a gun is not unconstitutional. Some people will argue that the US Constitution allows citizens to bear arms only for a well regulated militia, A militia being an army composed of ordinary citizens. This is true that†¦show more content†¦National Crime Victimization Survey data,†robbery and assault victims who used gun to resist were less likely to be attacked†. John Lott, PhD,and David Mustard. PhD, which claim â€Å"more guns equal less crime†. This shows that you don t even need to harm someone to protect yourself . We need guns for safety of our families at home or on the street and to protect our personal property we have worked hard for. From my own experience, my neighbor pulled a loaded gun on a intruder and didnt even need to shoot for the intruder to obey. Nobody was harmed and nobody was killed; the intruder just left. Moreover, there are dangerous animals at least in California that I know of roaming wild even on residential streets. For example my Dad’s friend had a Mountain lion attack his pigs and he had to grab his shotgun to protect his livestock and when he went outside the Mountain lion charged at him and he had to shoot the Dangerous Mountain lion. Events similar to this are very common for Americans living in country and rural areas, that need to protect themselves and their livestock. Self defense is most respected and better for the community then being a victim. It is up to you for the safety of yourself and your loved ones. In addition, many Traditional Americans have a cultureShow MoreRelatedGun Control Is Constitutional Or Unconstitutional892 Words   |  4 Pagesdifferent viewpoints when it comes to if gun control is Constitutional or Unconstitutional, Blek tends to focus on why there should be restrictions and gun laws in place while Sobran emphasis that the right to bear arms should not be invaded or limited. Both men highlight some specific topics that are actually similar in nature yet, each with their own twist, allowing a person to fully grasp both sides and depict both the positive and negative affect if gun laws where in fact implemented. On theRead MoreAnalysis Of The Article Gun Control Is Unconstitutional `` Essay1723 Words   |  7 Pagesif a strong gun control law is not enforced into the entire nation. 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Just recently, the government of Alberta lead in a charge, including five other provinces and numerous pro-gun groups, complaining that the law is unconst... Gun Control Gun control Gun Control Part I:Introduction The issue of gun control and violence